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Air quality in the world’s largest cities has become one of the most important environmental and public-health challenges of the 21st century. Rapid urbanization, increasing vehicle ownership, industrial activity, construction, energy consumption, and population growth have contributed to high levels of PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide…

China has a highly diverse range of climatic conditions, from the severe cold climate of northern China to the hot and humid climate of southern China, and from the arid climate of Xinjiang to the mild temperate climate of Kunming. Understanding these climatic differences is essential for developing climate-responsive, energy-efficient…

Introduction Designing buildings for hot and dry climates requires careful control of solar heat gain, indoor temperature and ventilation. Regions such as Rajasthan, parts of India, the Middle East, North Africa and other arid regions experience high daytime temperatures, intense solar radiation and relatively low humidity. Passive cooling strategies reduce…

Urban farming is becoming increasingly important as cities face limited land, water scarcity, food-security challenges, and rising transportation emissions. Three advanced soilless farming systems—hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics—offer ways to grow fresh food in small urban spaces. But which system is the most sustainable urban farming solution? 1. Hydroponics Hydroponics grows…